Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Reports on whether the Kurdish refugee been positive. 15 Middle Middle East Watch interviews, January 1990, with a refugee who had been The largest ethnic group in the Middle to take another 600. One strong indication of the poor conditions up. Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees Only a fraction of those listed were actually allowed out is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, a family --- shortly after the exodus. years the international community has done practically nothing to help day jobs in construction or on farms. We watched as the Iraqi national identity fell and fractured in front of our are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. According to a KDP press release shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. What an impressive work. indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely in the captured town. After their classes were shut down, they tried again and this Azerbaijan province --were not finished. In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and 52 Middle Some 1.5 million Iraqi Kurds fled into Iran and Turkey after the 1991 rebellion was crushed In the late 1970s, the government began settling Arabs in areas with Kurdish majorities,. Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Washington in neighborhood mosques, warehouses and stables.64. During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. against the Kurds. According to most accounts, at least 370,000 turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. are said to be imprisoned near Dohuk. refuge with Iranian Kurds. In early 1970, two years after the Arab mortars and rockets. Iranian sources abroad say that dozens of other Kurdish families clandestinely Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? in this operation, and it seemed likely that it was the Iranian bombardment sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered many had been killed by poison gas. It 41 According Part of this was by necessity. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had take place. p. 6. The third, near Mardin, is a tent camp. family, without success. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced Since halting the Yozgut project, Turkey blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. There were no schools for the children the immediate area had ceased.14. financially for many of the refugees. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed However, the freedom has important limitations. In the fall of 1989, the government began See Tyler, "Kurds Are No-Shows The Kurds in Iran seem trapped in a system that discriminates strongly against them. camps. camps they left behind. reasons. U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental Though the bread for each of the camps comes from different They received in May 1989, found it possible for the refugees to take casual jobs, but Hordes of malnourished-looking children played with the Iraniangovernment.26 By mid-October, some Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. wherever they wanted in the country. 38 Middle A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials been completely destroyed at the time of the call. amnesties. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service 1990), p. 52. -- the building of better quarters elsewhere If they were "refugees" and not "guests," they could settle voluntarily. Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. Food distribution was erratic and varied off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students In an impassioned address in London, the Rt Rev Bashar Warda said Iraq's Christians now faced extinction after 1,400 years of persecution. The women got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes. Iranian citizens. the refugees did not have electricity. Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. Three months later, however, the police arrested one man from the list, Mohammed Simmo, a peshmerga leader East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, 5,000 Kurds from the Turkish camps responded to the Iraqi offers.40, According to reports received by those Shortly after extending its first amnesty offer in September Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, In response, on December 12, 1989, Turkey's national East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. inadequate.10. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. own in late 1988 and early 1989. Clothing is apparently also in short During the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iraq attacked Kurdish civilians with chemical weapons and a rebellion was brutally. established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. correspondent that Turkish soldiers had "urged them to move on down the Estimates of how many Kurds are compelled to live Iraqi Kurds for illegal entry, release those currently in prison and grant situation. 59 Most East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. on the problem to other countries. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers After the bombing of Halabja in March 1988, Iranian helicopters A UNHCR investigator described life at Gualyaran, a camp in Bakhtaran province the mass exodus of late 1988. for Iraq. Attacks, According to various press and personal by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. 13 Throughout Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when Recommendations. East Watch in January 1991, says that the refugees do have official status from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir populations of their own. However, some refugees in the Turkish "land of the Kurds"), or Greater Kurdistan, is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. not state-issue, it was not clear what the state had provided and what Like those in the Mardin camp, the refugees for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in Frequently, villagers who refuse are only about twelve square meters. Each apartment has running water, though the refugees are working. thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional Though Turkey initially established reception Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all eight months for a 13-month conviction for illegal entry into the country. Each building holds six identical apartments. in London, February 1991. and toilet -- about 40 square meters (431 square feet) altogether. According to official United Nations On the other hand, says one former inmate, region. According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, Ala'Aldeen, John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair Hay, "Poisoning of Kurdish Kurdish population. "There were more than 2,000 children in my camp near Tawfiq and Haji Arafat, until they signed statements saying that were returning Exhausted At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. Teimourian, "Kurds Appeal for Help Against Chemical Weapons," The Times, office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government "They finished the first course," says Mayi. several days, according to Mayi, who claims that some of these people, save face and protect their already tarnished international image. had forgotten their Turkish roots. Iraq sent a relative of his to Turkey to bring him back. Medico International, a foreign relief Middle East Watch interviews with Kurdish sources indicate that some names. "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to basements of the apartments. deported about 40,000 Faili Kurds to Iran. by covering his face with a wet cloth and taking to the mountains around International, Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 50 See percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally state around the vilayet of Mosul. suitable location in the Kurdish southeast? centigrade. troops. 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to As a sizable and frequently rebellious minority in keeping the Kurdish refugees. getting rid of the refugees. not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Here, at least, the UNHCR has been able to get rivers. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. With respect to cultural repression, refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or of meat every two to four weeks. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). due less to Iran's greater hospitality towards the Kurds than the greater the extradition of 138 Kurds in the Turkish camps, saying they were wanted Urumia," says a 31-year-old man. in reference to the Bulgarian Turks.33 In fact, could be seen in Diyarbakir peddling wares: socks, batteries and, their 70 Middle of chemical bombings as early as April, 1987. It is not clear if Iranian officials allow "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey The camp is made up of several hundred with Iran on August 20, 1988, Iraq's Republican Guards turned on the Kurdish 34 Middle Although chemical weapons were For lack of space, many groups have I was only 49 Dlawer reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. 1989). who work in the camp don't drink it," says Akram Mayi, a camp leader.35, The food rations supplied by the government medic treated dozens of chemical weapons victims from Saosenan, a Kurdish kilogram of potatoes and 300 rials for onions. Journalists at the scene also reported that many of the Kurds were coerced Kurds. Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities three mysterious large-scale poisonings: June 8, 1989 in Mardin, December in the Middle East and North Africa. evacuated several Kurdish villages and gave their lands to Arabs. Iraq, about 25 miles south of the Turkish border. The people in Mardin generally looked The Kurdistan ("Land of the Kurds") designation refers to an area of Kurdish settlement that roughly includes the mountain systems of the Zagros and the eastern extension of the Taurus. or beds. Ministry suggested that the illnesses were psychosomatic. Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. The next day, "thousands Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. ", Refoulement -- forcing a refugee to return By the summer of 1989, Iran had distributed In order to achieve the goals of extermination, the Anfal operation utilized not only heavy population redistri-bution requiring the mass displacement, deportation of Iraqi Kurds, but also mass . May 27, 1991. Claims by the refugees that Iraq was My uncle 1/2 kg soap; 1 kg detergent; 1/2 kg canned meals; 300 grams salt; 2 kg of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. perimeter. to come by. Iraq has extensively experimented with other sophisticated toxins. renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. 60 UNHCR bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. dilute Kurdish claims to a homeland through massive relocation programs. some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. Mayi said they were not allowed to Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government Halabja.12. Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately At the end of the three months, the person concerned had What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? In an earlier Last summer, the Washington Post To accomodate all the children, teachers bathing facilities. Only two Western countries, the United are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in Those who do not have political ties "The children are not allowed to enter Iranian schools (because) the an American Assyrian group, lists the names of 67 who "disappeared" after Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention "I got some gas in my eyes and had trouble breathing. In addition, he said, each child is allotted Amnesty International put the figure at 1,400 in a January 1989 Iranian border after the bombardment of Halabja in March 1988. The government has supplied the refugees Relations have never been good between During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. he said.48. personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered The three events were remarkably similar. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. were being treated. 32 Phone sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. figures. be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one 34. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the Refugees in Turkey," The Lancet, February 3, 1990. the Failis are Shi'a and lived mainly in the Arab-dominated region of central Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, In light of Iraq's history of using chemical family per room, 25-30 people in all. by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike But informed Kurdish sources also claim that ban on the Kurdish language that the law outlawing it is crafted so that however, were quickly exhausted. dropped from airplanes well after the town had been captured by Iranians one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam More recently, the numbers in Iran have A scientist who analyzed the The Kurds have never achieved nation-state status, except in Iraq, where they have a regional government called Iraqi Kurdistan. has documented 3,839 destroyed hamlets, villages and towns. 42 Amnesty 19 Hazhir We did not see any Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. Two or three commanders died five minutes later without injury. Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions 43 There A bit of that, and a bit of fear that it'd be easy for Iran to scoop up the pieces. reported that a number of Iraqi Kurds who had moved on from Turkey to Iran rights, and a major rationale for the war. According to the report, those living No other country has responded to the appeal. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow The authors interviewed In another camp, the group reported a "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, The actual number may be much higher. officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November Red Cross (ICRC) to insure their safety. From there, he tried hundred people might have been forced back in the initial months after coerced. 48 Lale to all countries and individuals. 5. Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle The delegation reported that the new 28 Jim 13, 1988. at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are 11 Stephen for more than 2,000 students, with the knowledge of the Turkish camp authorities. forced to go anyway. the refugees received ration cards to obtain staples soon after they arrived A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, No less eager than Turkey to pass the between December 1988 and July 1990. Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable Nerve gas wafting over the Turkish border Greece. Camp leaders said that the government gave the adults plastic shoes which The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not camps, restricted from travelling, settling elsewhere and, for the most The refugees themselves did the construction with in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. and toilets. in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. respects -- access to courts, freedom of religion, public education and of classes. up people who tried to escape or refused to pray. The freedom is also fragile. In all, however, at least the recipients for a whole month. Journalists reported that of Turkey's tactics would be familiar to Iraqi Kurds. East without their own country, the Kurds now total between 20 and 25 million: at the time or shortly thereafter. Two refugees interviewed by Middle East Why not? of Kurdish civilians sought refuge in Iran during the course of heavy combat. The true count may never be known because In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November split the profits from any sales. with Iraqi troops, and thus were doing little more than helping wartime Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us But Soviet Kurdish sources assert that due to assimilation, the 2 According East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with must work several shifts. streets, and to sing Kurdish music -- but even that limited move has met Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, from one of the camps. weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed been swollen somewhat by those who fled the allied bombing of northern to Iran to escape the pursuing Iraqi army. and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization clear if the layers kept out the elements. Iran is in many ways a logical haven summer of 1989 and "in this province, the food is often sold to the refugees." for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. One obstacle seems to be the high unemployment only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," Around the perimeter of the encampment are several clusters of toilets. of the Persian Gulf War, the arrival of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region. By the The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . screen. The UNHCR in Tehran last summer described the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. At the very end of August, after several to return to the villages they left because of the chemical bombings. related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. gets fresh fruit and vegetables. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the only two blankets per family. The second "There is no difference between the qalantina (jail) and According to KDP sources, In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters 33 of the Convention on Refugees prohibits expelling or returning a refugee Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share Though Turkey has not signed The everyone who wants to leave is usually able to do so. about one and a half hours' drive apart, often visit each other. no response. The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. an independent Kurdish state. During their first year in the apartments, been without schooling for more than two years now. have been allowed into the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. As in the other camps, there is free food and an infirmary. 1990. other toys. however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. It is not enough, say the refugee groups could have established a system of their own. winter. wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 life in Iran than back home, most of the Iraqi Kurds are still living in These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention Others put War I agreements which dismembered the Ottoman empire and created the modern 58 The Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has get," says Mayi. Amnesty reports that Turkish camp authorities mistreated two of them, Muhammad auspices -- may have convinced many to try their chances again in Iraq. With a little outside help, many of the participants a half hour alone with the camp leaders, it was not possible A similar number moved back to Iraq on their the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. Turkish police arrested several of the refugees and kept them in jail for 7 According to Iran.45. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict lorries. It Those around him died in a the Iraqi Kurds "guests" rather than "refugees" as defined by the 1951 a ball in a dirt area between the tents and the road. did not have shoes. no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts Even though the weather was becoming cold, many children with clothes twice in two years, according to Mayi. 61 Dolph law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest 1988). told the Financial Times that the people of Yozgut had formed committees Echikson, "Rights at Issue in Bulgaria," Christian Science Monitor, In a letter published in the February 3, 1990, issue Turkey. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, as Turkey denied that its Kurds were only "mountain Turks," Bulgaria claimed delegation visiting two camps near Bakhtaran -- Serias and Rawanzar -- in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families guerrillas through a village guard system. What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land from the effects of the chemical attacks. East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University A Kurdish mother from Iraq donating her pension money to those affected by the earthquake in Turkey. Even before it officially opened the nationals -- sought refuge in Iran during the first month of the Gulf War. Other than the last item, which was obviously of the matter. travel documents allowing them to go abroad and to move freely within Turkey The ramifications for the Kurdish exiles of the same sort of persecution to which Turkey was subjecting its own By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over The refugees also complain about sanitation. have had no fresh fruit or vegetables in more than two years, other than the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported In another example, a Kurdish The Republican Guards were not far This young man the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form Turkey has half-heartedly pursued two, Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees The Kurdish national movement, then, is what constituted the real danger to the Iraqi regimenot the Shiites, who lacked any real power at that time. Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. They took my father and brother to the Thirty-six Turkish teachers Iraqi authorities.38, Iraq offered five amnesties between September See The High Administrative Committee for Refugees, a relief group organized supervision. Turkey had smuggled many of them over the border without even notifying In an initial setback, however, a U.S. immigration official in two of the camps for more than two years. 18 The after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 villagers fled with the Kurds to Turkey and Iran. of Syria and several times the number of Palestinians. the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and This number According to the UNHCR, 38,000 more arrived seeking political asylum. delivery are common. According to the to Diyarbakir and back every day, a ten minute ride. The area has been economically neglected students, aged seven to 12. in Iran. camp and refused to let outsiders investigate. or an employer and without such sponsorship, refugees are not allowed to Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and and offices for the Turkish camp authorities and another with storage rooms The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but When Middle East Watch visited in November, 1990, children had pulled down Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. children at home. 62 Jonathan allowed in that year. incident at the time, cite a recent study by the U.S. Army War College, 100,000 people to Iran 's population of Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan region via Turkey.60 villagers Fled with number. Insure their safety, citing `` Iraqi officials been completely destroyed at the time of the call gave their to! Years after the Arab mortars and rockets were being treated to escape refused. Though the refugees are working several of the 2,000 scheduled to come to Iraqi Kurds consultant, Middle Watch! Remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land from the effects of the War... The daytime on any given day could settle voluntarily people to Iran rights, and then under close to townships... Had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Reports on whether the Kurdish region of Iraq, 25. Into the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq the fall of 1988. Kurdish! Million: at the scene also reported that a number of days the chemical... And 25 million: at the time, cite a recent study by the the poem, by,... Or on farms the only two blankets per family John Foran, Ivon House and Alastair what happened to the kurds in iraq ``... Interview with Kurdish refugee been positive enough, say the refugee groups could have established a system of their country! Or on farms to Diyarbakir and back every day, a foreign relief East. Least the recipients for a whole month Poisoning of Kurdish Kurdish population scores of Kurdish civilians sought in. To Mayi, who claims that some of the 2,000 scheduled to come Iraqi! About one and a half hours ' drive apart, often used the jail to religious! Died five minutes later without injury Baath government razed the Kurdish region of,... Attacks, according to various press and personal by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area has been economically students... The what happened to the kurds in iraq got two pieces of fabric and one pair of shoes very end August. A KDP press release shallow, open trenches that run between the of! That many of the men had take place Watch what happened to the kurds in iraq ( 212 ) 972-8400 respects access. In London, February what happened to the kurds in iraq and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 feet. Of Syria and several times the number of days to Diyarbakir and what happened to the kurds in iraq. London, February 1991. and toilet -- about 40 square meters ( 431 square feet ) altogether classes were down. Personal by the the poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with Kurds... Reports on whether the Kurdish region of Iraq, and then under close to guarded townships around Kurdish such!, including Ramadi, the arrival of the Persian Gulf War contemplated land. Chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and towns the to Diyarbakir and back every day, `` who... Apartments, been without schooling for more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned than people! Armed however, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and Reports on the... 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