In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. The smaller the size of a given group, the fewer opportunities individuals have of meeting someone from their same group. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. The number of apprehensions at the U.S.-Mexico border has doubled from fiscal 2018 to fiscal 2019, from 396,579 in fiscal 2018 to 851,508 in fiscal 2019. From 2001 to 2018, a majority (60%) of immigrants deported have not been convicted of a crime. Click here for the second part of this series, an examination of how Indian Americans view Indian politics, and click here for the first part of the series, which explores how Indian Americans view U.S. politics. Twenty-four percent of Indian Americans report seldom or never praying. Tuesday, May 20, 2014 . The margin of error for the full sample of 1,200 respondents is +/- 2.8 percent. Twenty-one percent report posting comments about political issues online. The states with the largest immigrant populations are California, New York, Florida, and Texas. However, the magnitude of the effect is modest. Although overall levels of poverty are lower than the American average,5 there are concentrated pockets of deprivation, especially among the large number of unauthorized immigrants born in India and residing in the United States.6. The remainder of the sample hails from a range of countries stretching from the United Kingdom to Trinidad & Tobago and Kenya. U.S. Differences exist state-to-state in the proportion of people born outside of the U.S. For instance, the social networks of an Indian American in Wyoming (where there are very few Indian Americans) will likely be dominated by non-Indian Americans. According to data from the 2018 American Community Survey (ACS)which is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureauthere are 4.2 million people of Indian origin residing in the United States. This map displays the top origin regions of immigrants in the United States (default view), based on 2009-2013 American Community Survey data. Twenty-eight percent respond in the affirmativethat political divisions in India are infecting dynamics within the Indian community in the United States. Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. Further methodological details can be found in Appendix A, along with a state-wise map of survey respondents. More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. They alone account for 4.6% of the civilian labor force, a dip from their peak of 5.4% in 2007. Existing research has found that among major Asian American communities, Indian Americansboth men and womenhave the highest rate of endogamy (the custom of marrying within ones community) in both the first and second generations, although there is a noticeable increase in marriage outside of the community among members of the second generation.21. There are, consequently, a large share of respondents who are only somewhat comfortable having close friends of the opposite faith. Fewer than one in ten respondents (9 percent) do not participate in any of these seven holidays. Brazil 16,746. Responses are very divided. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. All of the analyses in this study were conducted using the statistical software R and employ sample weights to ensure representativeness. Today, one in five Minnesota children is the child of an immigrant. Only adult respondents (ages eighteen and above) who identified as Indian American or a person of (Asian) Indian origin were able to participate in the survey. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. Two percent of respondents identify as Other, indicating that none of the declared options satisfy them, while just 1 percent identify as Non-resident Indian, the official appellation used by the Government of India to refer to Indian passport holders living outside of India. More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. 38 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?, 1213. Furthermore, the earlier version of the chart incorrectly showed thepartialyear shares of Hispanic and Asian recent arrivals in 2015; the correctedcompleteyear shares are 31% and 36%, respectively. By 2055, Asian immigrants are expected to overtake Hispanics as the largest immigrant group in the United States. Of course, many Indian Americansirrespective of citizenshipremain tied to India thanks to direct family connections. Twenty-seven percent of respondents report that they attend religious services (apart from weddings and funerals) once a week or more than once a week. However, the major distinction has to do with the intensity of this feeling, exemplified by the sharp difference in the share of respondents who report being very comfortable with friends of the opposite faith: 52 percent of Hindus are very comfortable having close Muslim friends, while 46 percent of Muslims are very comfortable having close Hindu friends. Since 1980, the U.S. Census has categorized Indians as Asian Indian, a subset of the Asian racial category. For the 28 percent of respondents who perceive that polarization in India is impacting the diaspora community, the survey asks what specific features of Indias domestic politics are responsible (see figure 29). 8 See, inter alia, Thenmozhi Soundararajan, A New Lawsuit Shines a Light on Caste Discrimination in the U.S. and Around the World, Washington Post, July 13, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/07/13/new-lawsuit-shines-light-caste-discrimination-us-around-world/; and Yashica Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley, New York Times, July 14, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/opinion/caste-cisco-indian-americans-discrimination.html. Indian Americans in this latter category are also more inclined to state that being Indian is somewhat or very unimportant to them.33 Respondents who identify as Republicans are also significantly less likely to place importance on the Indian-ness of their identity compared to Democrats or independents. . Third, Christians are much more likely to report that hardly any or none of their Indian friends share their religion. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Muslims report the greatest degree of religious discrimination by far (39 percent), followed by Hindus (18 percent), Christians (15 percent), and believers of other faiths (9 percent). Cuba 16,367. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated, Time, March 12, 2020, https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/. More specifically, this effort scrutinizes legislative changes in immigration policy enabling this group to become the second largest immigrant group after Mexicans in the United States. Clear differences along religious lines are evident in the responses to the question on the frequency of prayer (see figure 9). A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. 41 Miller McPherson, Lynn Smith-Lovin, and James M. Cook, Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks, Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 415444. Many Indian immigrants might have brought with them identities rooted in their ancestral homeland, while others have eschewed them in favor of a nonhyphenated American identity. U.S.-born citizens report the highest levels of civic engagement, followed by foreign-born citizens and, in all categories save for one, non-citizens report the lowest levels of civic engagement. 20 According to the 2018 ACS, 73 percent of Asian Indian households are married-couple households compared to the national average of 48 percent. There does appear to be some variation based on respondents religious identity (see figure 7). Figure 21 looks more closely at the caste composition of social networks among Hindus. Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. As the figure demonstrates, religion leads the way59 percent of Indian Americans believe it is responsible for creating internal divisions in the community. Language and personal barriers, lack of interest and financial barriers are among the top reasons for choosing not to naturalize cited by Mexican-born green card holders, according to a 2015 Pew Research Center survey. Malayalam (6 percent), Urdu (5 percent), Marathi (4 percent), and Kannada (3 percent) round out the list. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). Foreign-born population by . Roughly one-fifth lived in the Northeast (21%) and 11% were in the Midwest. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. There is also important variation by ones religious identity. 17 This compares with 60 percent as per data from the 2018 ACS. Sampling weights were then post-stratified on 2016 presidential vote choice, as well as a three-way stratification of gender, age (four categories), and education (four categories), to produce the final weight. The survey asks respondents whether they participate in a set of holidays, some associated with India and others that are either associated with the United States or are more global in nature. El Salvador 17,907. What are Indian Americans experiences with discrimination, and how do discriminatory practices manifest? 48 (2010): 99106. By region of birth, immigrants from Asia combined accounted for 28% of all immigrants, close to the share of immigrants from Mexico (25%). However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. To deselect, click outside of the U.S. map. where they are the largest immigrant group. Source: aiisha5 / iStock . This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. One of the questions asks respondents what their country of birth is. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Immigrants convicted of a crime made up the less than half of deportations in 2018, the most recent year for which statistics by criminal status are available. While immigration has been at the forefront of a national political debate, the U.S. public holds a range of views about immigrants living in the country. . In contrast, there is more variation on the dimensions of region and caste. 28 Dutt, The Specter of Caste in Silicon Valley; Jennifer Medina, Debate Erupts in California Over Curriculum on Indias History, New York Times, May 4, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/06/us/debate-erupts-over-californias-india-history-curriculum.html. These are not merely academic questions. The term net domestic migration describes the total number of people moving to a state from another state minus people moving to another state from that state. An estimated 50.6 million American residents, or a little more than 15% of the countrys 331.4 million inhabitants, were born abroad. In addition to new arrivals, U.S. births to immigrant parents will be important to future growth in the countrys population. This is a list of U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net migration. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. The tool also displays the share that all immigrants comprise of the state's total population. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW First, as noted above, the data on caste identification is restricted to Hindu respondents. Fully one-third of respondentsa large proportiondo not express an opinion either way. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. The February 2021 IAAS study found several indications that polarization in India had successfully metastasized in the Indian American community in the United States. But this remains a minority view: 40 percent of Indian Americans do not believe that domestic politics are dividing the Indian diaspora in the United States. The matched cases and the frames were combined, and a logistic regression was estimated for inclusion in the frames. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. There were 10.5 million unauthorized immigrants in the U.S. in 2017, accounting for 3.2% of the nations population. Results From the 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, October 14, 2020, https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/14/how-will-indian-americans-vote-results-from-2020-indian-american-attitudes-survey-pub-82929. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. The main sample was matched to a frame corresponding to all adult Indian Americans, and the oversample was matched to a frame corresponding to Indian Americans ages eighteen to twenty-seven. Followed by Cushite-Beja-Somali, Hmong, and Vietnamese. There is some evidence to suggest that there are vintage effects: the longer a respondent has spent in the United States, the less emphasis they place on their Indian identityperhaps a reflection of their gradual integration into their adopted homeland. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. From 2009 to 2020, immigrants of Asian descent outnumbered those of Hispanic descent in terms of race and ethnicity. Figure 19 displays the responses to this question, collapsing five response categories into three for ease of exposition. How then do we make sense of the heterogeneity encapsulated by the more than 4 million people of Indian origin in the United States, a group that is the second-fastest-growing immigrant community in the country? This too mirrors the American political context, where supporters of smaller parties or those who are unaffiliated hold more favorable views toward Democrats.46. Send a Message. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. In 2018, roughly 11.2 million immigrants living in the U.S. were from there, accounting for 25% of all U.S. immigrants. Seventeen percent of U.S.-born citizens report attending a public meeting, while 12 percent of foreign-born citizens and 6 percent of non-citizens report doing so. Immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of the history of the United States.In absolute numbers, the United States has a larger immigrant population than any other country in the world, with 47 million immigrants as of 2015. This study is the third in a series on the social, political, and foreign policy attitudes of Indian Americans. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. While 86 percent of Hindus report identifying with some kind of Indian identity, 71 percent of Christians and 52 percent of Muslims do the same. Milan Vaishnav is a senior fellow and director of the South Asia Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The October 2020 IAAS study found that Indian Americans who identify as Democrats rate the Republican Party and former president Donald Trump very unfavorably.44 Republicans, for their part, view the Democrats, current President Joe Biden, and Vice President Kamala Harris in equally unfavorable terms. 35 While this might seem counterintuitive, this finding is explained by the fact that U.S.-born respondents are significantly more likely to identify as more American than Indian. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. This study utilizes a new source of empirical data to better understand the social realities of people of Indian origin residing in the United States. In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. Overall, 41 percent of respondents rate it as very important and another 37 percent rate it as somewhat important. List of U.S. states and territories by net migration, "State Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2021", "Net International Migration (change 20182019)", List of states and territories of the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_net_migration&oldid=1117397645, States of the United States-related lists, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 14:19. . That means just less than half of all respondents believe that Indian Americans face a greater degree of discrimination than at least one other minority group. One way to understand the dynamics of discrimination at play is to place discrimination against Indian Americans in a comparative context. Eight out of ten respondents say they have a spouse or partner of Indian origin (ranging from 85 percent of foreign-born respondents to 71 percent of U.S.-born respondents). 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Then, click on a state to get the top 15 origin countries of immigrants residing in that state. If you enjoyed this article, please support us today! This project has been reviewed and approved by the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board (Protocol #843855). We are grateful to the team at the Center for the Advanced Study of India at the University of Pennsylvania. Thirty-six percent report that either all or most of their friends are of Indian origin, while 21 percent report that very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin. These data suggest that the vast majority of the Indian immigrant population in the United States were already highly educated prior to arriving in the country. 56 To find details on the Economist-YouGov collaboration or to compare some of the IAAS findings on Indian Americans with the American population more generally, visit https://today.yougov.com/topics/economist/survey-results. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. Somali immigrants are the second-largest immigrant group in Minnesota. Among immigrants ages 5 and older in 2018, half (53%) are proficient English speakers either speaking English very well (37%) or only speaking English at home (17%). 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. Since 1965, when U.S. immigration laws replaced a national quota system, the number of immigrants living in the U.S. has more than quadrupled. Predictably, responses vary by place of birth (see figure 13). As the number of Indian-origin residents in the United States has swelled north of 4 million, the communitys diversity too has grown. 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