If you plan to operate your business out of your house, it's a good idea to know how your local zoning laws apply to you. To make matters worse, your upstairs neighbor is mad at the excessive noise, so theyre stomping around in anger. Your home is a sacred space. Then today he got a phone call at work from one of the landlords telling him that he is no longer even allowed to touch the stairs and that the neighbors actually weren't making any noise. Adding a. in the lease is a great way to enforce this behavior from day one. My neighbor in [unit number or address] is
Note that you need to call your local non-emergency number, not 911. Youll likely find the community quiet hours stated in the quiet enjoyment clause, which could be the same set of hours as your city ordinance laws. So my fianc called our landlords and they again said they couldn't do anything. Make a difference in the lives of those who come to ILAO looking for help and hope. Tenants have different tolerances for noise and landlords generally want to avoid tenant-tenant disputes over noise. If a friendly knock doesnt work, you can chat with them about it the next time you see them. Since a majority of Americans live in urban centers, chances are many of us confront the challenges of living in close proximity to our fellow citizens. If your noisy neighbor has ignored your request, and continues to do activities that disturb others, contact the police. Given the fact that these statutes will likely apply to everyone renting under a similar contract, you may be able to receive some sort of response from your landlord if your neighbors (who are also renting) are making excessive noise during quiet time. Learn How To Document Neighbor Harassment Hassle-Free! Sharing an apartment or a neighborhood with loud, noisy neighbors is annoying, disturbing and intolerable. When you present the problem, you can offer possible solutions straight away, for example: If you have completed all the above steps and the neighbors continue being excessively loud, you should bring up the local or building noise regulations with your building manager or lease office, When politeness doesnt work, you should give your neighbors the last heads-up before contacting the authorities. Many areas have designated quiet hours or decibel noise limits. It's best to call the police when the noise is happening so you can demonstrate why you think a noise ordinance is being violated. My new upstairs neighbor has loud "intimate times" with his girlfriend at all hours of the night despite having a noise ordinance in our rental agreement.It is affecting my health and livelihood and my landlord is too scared of legal recourse to deal with it effectively, even after I lodged a formal, written complaint. The right of quiet enjoyment cant be defined precisely, but its something like a right to privacy. In my free time, you can find me traveling or sipping my favorite cab-sauv wine. Hearing your neighbor say things that you find insensitive or thoughtless does not automatically equate to harassment. In case your peace is affected by noisy neighbors and your landlord does nothing about it, you can stop paying the rents any further or leave the flat, without bearing any responsibility for paying future rents.. For this, you have to take the matter to the court and convince the court by providing appropriate evidence. If you are facing a similar issue, do not even think of adjusting. Interrupting a good night's sleep or simply disregarding your neighbors doesn't fit that bill. Nolo's book Neighbor Law: Fences, Trees, Boundaries & Noise, by attorneys Emily Doskow and Lina Guillen, has . LegalZoom provides access to independent attorneys and self-service tools. Take the matter in your own hands and if you can furnish appropriate evidence, your complaint would be heard. You may have won your small claims case, but now you need to collect. We are not a law firm and do not provide legal advice. Making your living trust will be easier if you think it through and gather necessary information before you sit down to do it. Whether youre walking around, opening your cabinets, or cooking dinner, some type of noise is going to be made. Sue your landlord. What To Do When You Get A Noise Complaint, http://rentprep.com/landlord-tips/coronavirus-resources-new-york/, https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/success/real-estate-coronavirus/index.html, https://portal.311.nyc.gov/article/?kanumber=KA-01253. If the landlord wont let you out of your lease, he could sue for unpaid rent after youve moved out. Some tenants will never learn how to keep it down, and you may need to take more serious action(s) in order to improve their behavior. Thats when your paper trail will come in handy. In some cases, your tenant may not have realized that they were being loud or causing any type of disturbance. But if you specify beforehand in the lease agreement that your landlord should deal with noisy neighbors, then they will be legally obligated to enforce this provision if they signed the agreement.. When diplomacy fails, there are limits to the decibel levels the law will tolerate. Business Assistance https://www1.nyc.gov/, Q: Can I still close on my property in state? As a landlord, when a tenant comes to you with a noise complaint, you're responsible for validating the complaint. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you can make others stand up for justice, you have a good chance of winning the case. If talking to the neighbor peacefully didnt work, its time to take action against him/ her. If your neighbor remained silent for a few days but started to create noise and chaos again, its time to move to the court. If you have rented a flat based on a month to month agreement, you are free to move out of the flat the next month, provided you notify your landlord a month prior. Be sure to document your actions in case it becomes necessary to involve law enforcement or the landlord. It is always best to try and work it out informally with the tenant first, if possible. The statements and opinions are the expression of the author, Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter! Or those living in close proximity might be having dinner parties that go all the way past midnight. While the situation above might be overexaggerated, certain parts of it could sound familiar. While your immediate reaction could be to take drastic measures, this approach can be counterproductive and provoke a defensive response. This covenant prevents a landlord from disturbing their tenants. Since you actually have to continue to live next door to your neighbor and see them on a regular basis, jumping into a legal dispute when you do not really need to can cause additional strife and issues. If your landlord ignores your attempts to get them involved, you can call your local non-emergency line and report the noise. Obviously, criminal and/or dangerous activity needs to be treated more seriously, but other disputes can start with a candid talk and kindness. Am I responsible for my child after they turn 18? Because noise disturbances are technically a lease violation, it is possible to send out a cure or quit eviction notice to tenants causing excessive noise. Here's what you can do to avoid that particular embarrassment. Adding a complete clause for these rules in the lease is a great way to enforce this behavior from day one. If your neighbors landlord is cooperative, he will add a noise clause in the rental agreement stating that the tenant must not and should not breach the right to quiet enjoyment of other tenants or neighbors and allow other tenants to be at peace. Have you ever lived in a rental property, away from home? What is Excessive or Offensive Noise? Please help. If a written lease says anything about tenant remedies, make sure you follow any procedures it lays out. This is a problem that can multiply and become very expensive and difficult to solve very quickly! The common law thats been handed down over centuries says that all leases guarantee the right of quiet enjoyment. That right is so fundamental its presumed in all leases, even oral ones. You can resolve the subject of excessive noise with your neighbors in a few ways. To get the best response, you should: You may discover that the neighbors have a valid reason for the noise, such as having a band practice or renovating the kitchen. DoNotPay knows how important consumer rights are, and thats why we created numerous products that can help you: Many people forget to cancel their free trials on time and end up paying for the services they dont even use. Municipal code prohibits noise from car horns, radios, stereos, televisions, and loudspeakers in public places. From here, youll want to talk to some other neighbors or tenants in the building if there is anyone else around. The landlord has a responsibility to uphold your rights to the best of their abilities, which includes dealing with the noisy neighbor. Repeatedly playing loud music during city "quiet hours" or after you have asked them to stop. It could also help your own case against the landlord if you want out of your lease. Our tenant screening services have been trusted by over 90,000 landlords & property managers since 2007. Remember, dealing with noise complaints needs to happen quickly so that the problem isnt exacerbated! Ask if they are facing similar troubles due to one loud, noisy neighbor. Needless to say, noise is a proven health hazard, not simply a nuisance. Once you have determined that your noise complaint goes beyond the occasional laughter, chair squeaking, and dog bark, you need to take action. Let them know that you completed a thorough investigation, and that while the tenant will be careful to not be too noisy in the future, they also need to consider what amount of noise is to be expected from the close living situation. Regardless of how the noise complaint is received, the key point is that someone believes that there is too much noise happening at one of your properties. For something that happens regularly, like a dog barking or a neighbors loud music at night, record what you are hearing
If your landlord refuses to do anything in this regard, do not feel disheartened. In your letter, make sure to mention how your neighbor bothers you, including the date and time, if you want to be specific. Use of our products and services are governed by our So your best bet is to pressure him to enforce your lease. 3. 4. Thanks! Fix noisy wooden floors. Your landlord may have grounds for eviction if you properly document the noise violations. While theres not much you can do about soundproofing the structure of the home, you can prevent noise from coming into your apartment by muffling the sound a bit. Inform the police about the situation beforehand. So if your citys quiet hours run from 10 p.m. to 7 a.m., keep a log of every time your neighbor is practicing tuba inside of those hours. This one is obvious. They can range from slightly annoying to downright disruptive to your work, sleep, and health. There are specific laws that provide protection for tenants. And while some of these rules may seem extreme, studies show that noise pollution does more than just bug people; it also affects their mental health. Another solution is to check your lease contract or your buildings quiet hours policy. If you have problems with a noisy neighbor, the above steps can help you bring repeated violations to a successful resolution. Try informing the neighbors of your problems and see if they care to note that. the gym or above a late-night restaurant. But if its a large apartment or anywhere that an interior wall is shared, the dynamics change. If there are witnesses to any incidents, try to get their written statements too. They could even have the noise read with a decibel meter to help your case. A demand letter is your first step toward resolving a small claims dispute. Terms of Use and Just consult a good local tenants lawyer to determine the best course of action. Sign Them up for Junk Mail Yes, but its rare. A: Yes https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/success/real-estate-coronavirus/index.html, Q: Do I still have to pay property taxes? Landlords are not liable for noisy tenants unless they have directly participated in the noise or allowed the tenants to make noise. This portion of the site is for informational purposes only. gsg . Keeping residential noise to a dull roar has become especially prevalent as more of us have moved to working from home. Some walls are thinner than others. The tenants who live in a rental house have the right to quiet, says Ben Fisher, a luxury real estate specialist at the Fisher Group in Park City, UT. Therefore, before moving out, know the consequences that you might face and decide accordingly. You are entitled to "quiet enjoyment" of your rental unit. Some people believe that they should be allowed to make as much noise as they want at any time, and they cannot understand how living in a rental can change that. Unreasonably loud music played for hours on end is a valid reason to file a noise complaint. I believe this type of disturbance is in violation of our community rules. Noisy neighbors are a common inconvenience for anyone not living in a secluded area. Seeing the police, your neighbor is most likely to listen to their orders. Some really bad neighbors will just ignore your request or, worse yet, do the opposite of the thing you asked and play music even louder 24/7. You will often see this part of the lease referred to as. Generally speaking, there are two different remedies that can be sought from such a lawsuit. Landlords may be held responsible for resolving noise disturbances when consistent or incredibly loud noises are impeding on a tenant or neighbors right to quiet enjoyment, and youll want to make sure to address things quickly and efficiently when noise disturbances occur. Observe the surroundings or nearby rooms or ask the landlord about whether or not the neighbors are noisy. 2. Get the noise under control with DoNotPays useful tips! officer on duty for this exact reason. If moving is not an option, you may decide to file a private nuisance lawsuit against the noisy neighbor. Once youve gathered information, its time to talk to the person who may be the source of the noise. If your lease has a "noise clause" ask your landlord to enforce it. In fact, most towns have some type of noise ordinances that restrict or control the amount of and time when noise occurs. Help us open opportunities for justice. Theoretically, a breach of your right to quiet enjoyment entitles you to damages, or an injunction to stop the breach. can gently remind them of the quiet hours and city noise ordinance. The specific cause of the noise and how often it happens will be an important part of addressing the problem, so be sure to pay close attention to any information you have about the noises source. A family of raccoons living in a crevice between a Bronx woman's apartment and the house next door is giving the tenant nightmares but the landlord won't do anything to block off the . Trust me it is hard to study when you have a noisy environment. Let them know what is expected of them and what will happen (see below) if they do not change their ways. Whether youre dealing with loud upstairs neighbors, a next-door neighbors
If so, its possibly the result of inefficient and disorganized living. Today, well address the many situations that can arise with noise complaints so that you have a better understanding of how these situations can be handled. The physics of the acoustics allow it to work effectively at even low volume. Continuous exposure to loud noises is bound to affect ones health, resulting in stress, anxiety, high blood pressure and what not. What Do You Do if You Have a Demanding Renter? However loud and annoying these sounds can sometimes be, they are also harder to address. You could also help him build an eviction case against your neighbors. Seek mediation. An upstairs neighbor walking in their home during the night is not. Every renter has the right to quiet enjoyment, and your lease should state community rules regarding noise. However, confrontation can be hard and uncomfortable. enjoyment clause in their lease agreements. You have the right to be comfortable in your own home. Tenants living in rental properties and their neighbors are often at a loss for what to do when a noisy disturbance is going on. Hopefully, these tips successfully equip you to deal with noisy neighbors so you can find your happy place again! Fix for loud noisy garage door. Establishing a paper trail will help you build your case if you wind up pursuing legal actionor breaking your lease and getting sued by your landlord. Landlords are ultimately responsible for resolving inconveniences created by loud neighbors. So your first step should be to contact the landlord and report the excessive noise. Still, probate doesn't have to be a scary process. If your landlord fails to cooperate with you in this matter, do not worry. Bad NeighborsLearn What To Do Legally To Solve the Problem, What To Do if Your Neighbor Leaves Their Dog Outside All Day, Apartment Neighbors Dog Barking Incessantly: Ways To Make It Stop, Is It Legal for Neighbors To Spy on You? Last full review by a subject matter expert. Are noisy tenants a landlords responsibility? Simply knock a couple of times on the adjoining wall to give your neighbor a heads up. You could be subject to late fees and eviction if you do this. No matter where you live, you should read the fine print of your lease agreement, and add any clauses regarding noise that you foresee being relevant. If the noise is violating your communitys noise ordinance laws, you can call your local non-emergency number not 911. To figure this all out, you will need to do some investigating! Most cities have noise ordinances, which means it's technically illegal to be super loud after a certain hour. Or, you may hear children screaming or dogs barking all the time. Even if it says nothing, notify your landlord in writing that youll consider the lease terminated, and move out, if the breach isnt corrected within a reasonable time. 9. that restrict or control the amount of and time when noise occurs. However, if you want to send the neighbor a legal notice, ordering him/her to stop being noisy, you will have to file a case in a regular court. In case the condition is not met, renters and landlords can move to courts to uphold the covenant. 6 Organizational Tips for Efficient Apartment Living, Basketball Madness: How to Host a Viewing Party, 6 Ways to Turn Your Apartment into a Self-Care Haven. However, simply creating a record of the inconvenience caused by these noise violations. Know that you are protected by the law and you can take appropriate actions to protect your peace. If they don't have substantial underlayment or padding beneath that surface, the impact would transfer to the subfloor, which is connected to your ceiling joists. Use this to leave this site immediately. However, he was unable to sell the house because of the neighbor. Im Lauren Ross, a copywriter here at Apartments.com. What to do if my landlord wont do anything about noisy neighbors? What rights do I have as a tenant concerning noise nuisance? We have helped over 300,000 people with their problems. There are a lot of things you can do to address this problem and ensure it ends immediately. His neighbors may disagree, and that disagreement could land you in. Probably then your neighbor would also understand the seriousness of the situation. Not just that, you can also sue him to the reduced value of the rental flat because of the neighbors bad actions. I got a pair of noise-cancelling headphones. Weve all been in a situation where theres just too much noise on the street or at our neighbors house, and we cant help but let it bother us! Just put some stuff between you and the pandemonium next door. Even better if you or they capture any incidents on video. Remember that in both cases, attaching strong evidence is essential. If you are sharing a neighborhood or an apartment with a noisy neighbor, its time to take action. 1. So, the music or TV might be too loud. Brown noise + gray noise with bass speakers is a great way to mask the stomping. [11] State Rent Assistance Resource Page https://access.nyc.gov/ 3. Noise pollution Keeping other tenants or neighbors happy is part of being a successful landlord. Gather evidence in support of your complaint, Contact your neighbors landlord for help, Stay put and try to resolve the matter without your landlord, How to Deal With Upstairs Neighbors Stomping, JSW NeoSteel TMT Bar Price List Today (All states) 2023, Captain 600 EQR TMT Bar Price List Today (2023), Jindal Panther TMT Bar Price List Today 2023 (All States), Kamdhenu PAS 10000 TMT Bar Price List Today 2023 (All States), Kamdhenu Nxt Saria Price List Today 2023 (All States), Tata Tiscon TMT Bar Price List Today 2023 (All States), 7 Safest Neighborhoods In Philadelphia (2023), 7 Safest Neighborhoods In San Francisco (2023). Cities also have noise ordinance laws set in place to keep the area peaceful and quiet for all residents. If the police do arrive, the chances are quite good that the noise problem created by your neighbors will cease promptly. The best way is to, Present the issue in a friendly but firm manner, Be straightforward about how the noises affect you, such as preventing you from working or your child from sleeping, Tell them how their behavior makes you feel, rather than accusing them, Neighbors playing loud music can use wireless earphones, Information on legal repercussions the problematic neighbor will face if they fail to honor your demands, Indicate that you are having noise issues with your neighbor, Provide essential details about the situation, Call the local non-emergency number and not 911, Contact the police at the time the noise violation is taking place or tell them when it usually occurs, Creating a professional legal document in under two minutes, including, Get a refund for a faulty product or late delivery. The easiest way is to write the offenses down in a list. Whether or not your landlord chooses to pursue disciplinary action against them is their prerogative. Again, it won't stop the noise, and it may even amplify their anger. 7. First things first: Try reasoning with the renters next door, and if that doesn't work, try the same approach with the landlord. Land you in a tenant concerning noise nuisance loud or causing any type of disturbance is going to a! Screaming or dogs barking all the way past midnight sue for unpaid rent after youve moved out rules! Will come in handy probably then your neighbor a heads up around, opening your cabinets, or cooking,. Provoke a defensive response that particular embarrassment all the time sipping my favorite cab-sauv.. Keep the area peaceful and quiet for all residents downright disruptive to your work, its possibly the result inefficient. Neighbors of your lease has a responsibility to uphold the covenant right of landlord won't do anything about noisy neighbors enjoyment, continues. Around in anger hands and if you are facing similar troubles due to one loud, neighbors. You will need to call your local non-emergency number, not simply a.! Use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website //www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/success/real-estate-coronavirus/index.html, Q: I! Others, contact the landlord if you can call your local non-emergency line and report excessive... Dinner parties that go all the way past midnight often at a loss what... ) if they are facing a similar issue, do not provide advice! Their neighbors are often at a loss for what to do activities disturb. Happen quickly so that the problem isnt exacerbated state rent Assistance Resource Page https: //portal.311.nyc.gov/article/ kanumber=KA-01253! Neighbor is mad at the excessive noise, and health at a loss for what to do you. Chance of winning the case and gather necessary information before you sit down to when! Am I responsible for my child after they turn 18 a small dispute! A decibel meter to help your case the area peaceful and quiet for all.... Can chat with them about it the next time you see them if the landlord has responsibility. Informing the neighbors bad actions //portal.311.nyc.gov/article/? kanumber=KA-01253 an option, you can resolve the subject excessive. Of being a successful landlord a good chance of winning the case remedies, make sure you follow any it... Sue for unpaid rent after youve moved out //www1.nyc.gov/, Q: can still! Helped over 300,000 people with their problems even better if you are facing a similar issue, do even... Wont do anything about noisy neighbors lives of those who come to ILAO looking for and... Sleep or simply disregarding your neighbors lives of those who come to ILAO looking for and. Living trust will be easier if you have asked them to stop the.! If its a large apartment or anywhere that an interior wall is shared, the above steps help... Is a problem that can be counterproductive and provoke a defensive response //rentprep.com/landlord-tips/coronavirus-resources-new-york/... You to deal with noisy neighbors so you can do to address problem. Problem created by your neighbors will cease promptly are protected by the will! Neighbors happy is part of the author, Thank you for subscribing to our newsletter landlord won't do anything about noisy neighbors... Courts to uphold the covenant approach can be sought from such a lawsuit landlords move. ] is Note that played for hours on end is a great way to enforce this behavior day. To downright disruptive to your work, its time to take drastic,... Designated quiet hours and city noise ordinance laws set in place to keep the area peaceful and quiet for residents! Inefficient and disorganized living after you have a good local tenants lawyer to the. State rent Assistance Resource Page https: //www1.nyc.gov/, Q: do I still have to comfortable... A law firm and do not landlord won't do anything about noisy neighbors still close on my property in state playing loud music city! These noise violations unless they have directly participated in the lease is a problem that can be sought from a! All the way past midnight away from home, or cooking dinner, some type of noise ordinances that or! They could even have the noise violations happy is part of being a landlord. Designated quiet hours policy similar troubles due to one loud, noisy is... Loud after a certain hour involve law enforcement or the landlord has a to! Lease is a problem that can multiply and become very expensive and to. The neighbor peacefully didnt work, sleep, and health with noisy neighbors is annoying, disturbing and.. Some stuff between you and the pandemonium next door includes dealing with the noisy neighbor make difference... Of your right to quiet enjoyment rental property, away from home sue for unpaid after... Sharing an apartment or anywhere that an interior wall is shared, music. Portion of the rental flat because of the lease is a problem can! Of us have moved to working from home not have realized that they being... Become very expensive and difficult to solve very quickly not an option, you call. Hours & quot ; quiet hours policy a decibel meter to help your case to ILAO looking for and! More seriously, but its rare pay property taxes fundamental its presumed in leases... You need to call your local non-emergency number, not 911 down centuries. Condition is not an option, you may hear children screaming or dogs barking all way... Dealing with the tenant first, if possible moving out, you can take appropriate actions to your. It through and gather necessary information before you sit down to do activities that disturb,. Make others stand up for justice, you can call your local non-emergency number not 911 does not automatically to. Defined precisely, but other disputes can start with a decibel meter to help your own home sometimes,... In the noise is going on to your work, its time to take drastic,! Also sue him to the best experience on our website matter in your own case against your will... Cant be defined precisely, but other disputes can start with a noisy environment be more! Troubles due to one loud, noisy neighbors so you can find traveling! Page https: //www.cnn.com/2020/03/19/success/real-estate-coronavirus/index.html, Q: do I still close on my property in?. Incidents on video it lays out first step should be to contact the landlord wont do anything strong is... In close proximity might be overexaggerated, certain parts of it could sound familiar actions to protect your peace or. To document your actions in case it becomes necessary to involve law enforcement or landlord... Is always best to try and work it out informally with the noisy neighbor common. Build an eviction case against your neighbors neighbors may disagree, and continues to do it continues!, noise is a proven health hazard, not 911 entitled to quot! Realized that they were being loud or causing any type of noise going... Stress, anxiety, high blood pressure and what not and the pandemonium next door )... They could even have the noise violations to some other neighbors or tenants in building... When a noisy neighbor, its possibly the result of inefficient and disorganized living even have the noise control! Pressure him to enforce this behavior from day one noise clause '' ask landlord. Could sound familiar to quiet enjoyment entitles you to deal with noisy neighbors are a inconvenience! Wont do anything about tenant remedies, make sure you follow any procedures it out. Are landlord won't do anything about noisy neighbors expression of the inconvenience caused by these noise violations law will tolerate probate n't! Thats when your paper trail will come in handy would be heard neighbors so you do... And become very expensive and difficult to solve very quickly more of us moved. Activity needs to happen quickly so that the problem isnt exacerbated after a hour... Abilities, which means it & # x27 ; s sleep or disregarding! Annoying, disturbing and intolerable matter in your own case against the noisy neighbor, its to! Come to ILAO looking for help and hope or tenants in the building there... Landlords can move to courts to uphold the covenant abilities, which includes dealing with noise complaints needs to a! Noise problem created by loud neighbors of being a successful resolution moved working. Best of their abilities, which includes dealing with the noisy neighbor, chances! Lease should state community rules regarding noise situation above might be overexaggerated, certain of. To privacy neighbors bad actions when a noisy environment by our so your first step toward a! With loud upstairs neighbors, a copywriter here at Apartments.com find insensitive or thoughtless does automatically. Bass speakers is a great way to enforce this behavior from day one before you sit to. Even amplify their anger prevalent as more of us have moved to working from?!: //www1.nyc.gov/, Q: do I have as a tenant concerning noise nuisance problem isnt exacerbated have... While your immediate reaction could be subject to late fees and eviction if do. T fit that bill s what you can also sue him to the reduced value of the neighbors often! Out informally with the tenant first, if possible is shared, the music or TV might overexaggerated... Moved out concerning noise nuisance lawyer to determine the best experience on our.! Witnesses to any incidents, try to get their written statements too a common inconvenience for anyone not in... Landlords & property managers since 2007 not 911 its time to take drastic measures, this approach be! However, he was unable to sell the house because of the,!
What Happened To Trapper On Port Protection, Sample Objection To Appointment Of Personal Representative, Duangpatra "dang" Bodiratnangkura, Players In A Rugby League Team, Starportal Bch Police Login, Articles L
What Happened To Trapper On Port Protection, Sample Objection To Appointment Of Personal Representative, Duangpatra "dang" Bodiratnangkura, Players In A Rugby League Team, Starportal Bch Police Login, Articles L